Quality Material Matters
There are many vegan shoes on the market that use a goodyear welt, but wheather or not they are durable is dubious.
As it was mentioned on /r/goodyearwelt, a GYW design only makes sense if the boot's upper is durable enough to outlive the sole. Many cheap faux leathers will crack and fall apart with wear in a short time, but high-quality faux leathers actually last longer than the animal skin leather. Unfortunately, it's not trivial to differentiate between high- & low-quality faux leathers, so it's best to go by brand, reviews, and reputation.
Brands
That said, here's some brands that make vegan shoes with a goodyear welted sole.
Vegetarian Shoes
Vegetarian Shoes is an all-vegan shoe brand. They claim that their boots are extremely durable and made with the highest quality materials; they specifically advertise their goodyear welt build where applicable.
Examples of vegan, goodyear welted boots from vegetarian shoes include their various Airseal models.
I found a very good review made 7 years after someone who bought the airseal boots and abused them at festivals, burning man, trekking, etc.
They also have non-goodyear-welt trekking boot models Veggie Trekker MK5 and the Snowdon Boot. But they specifically mention in the product's description that the dual-density vibram sole makes the boot easier to resole.
I found another great review made 5 years after someone who bought the veggie trekker boots and abused them on a lot of hiking trails.
Dr Martens
This is a classic boot that has a noticeable off-color thread in their goodyear welt. Popular among punks, this is more of a boot for style than trekking.
Their boots are traditionally leather, but they now offer vegan models. Unfortunately, top reviews on Amazon suggest that they fall apart after a few months.
Examples of vegan, goodyear welted boosts from Dr Martens includes the model 1460 and 190.
NAE
NAE (which stands for No Animal Exploitation) is an all-vegan shoe brand based in Portugal.
I could not find any a first-hand accounts from consumers who bought NAE boots and later wrote a review describing if/how they held up to years of trail abuse.
Examples of vegan, goodyear welted boots from NAE include their models Andre, Atka, and Etna.
NOAH
NOAH is another all-vegan shoe brand that's been around since 2009.
I could not find any a first-hand accounts from consumers who bought NOAH boots and later wrote a review describing if/how they held up to years of trail abuse.
Examples of vegan, goodyear welted boots from NOAH include their models Claudia & Claudio and Claude.